A Metallurgist’s Guide to Heat Exchanger Failures in the Chemical & Petrochemical Industry In more than four decades of looking down a microscope at why industrial equipment fails, I have come to regard the heat exchanger as the most under-appreciated component in any process plant. It rarely makes the front page when a unit trips. It carries neither the glamour of a reactor nor the visibility of a compressor. And yet, across the 500-plus heat exchanger investigations my team